1 OCI: Introduction and Upgrading

Advantages of OCI

OCI provides significant advantages over other methods of accessing an Oracle database:

• More fine-grained control over all aspects of application design

• High degree of control over program execution

• Use of familiar third generation language programming techniques and application development tools, such as browsers and debuggers

• Connection pooling, session pooling, and statement caching that enable building of scalable applications

• Support of dynamic SQL

• Availability on the broadest range of operating systems of all the Oracle programmatic interfaces

• Dynamic binding and defining using callbacks

• Description functionality to expose layers of server metadata

• Asynchronous event notification for registered client applications

• Enhanced array data manipulation language (DML) capability for array inserts, updates, and deletes

• Ability to associate commit requests with executes to reduce round trips

• Optimization of queries using transparent prefetch buffers to reduce round trips

• Thread safety which eliminates the need for mutual exclusive locks (mutexes) on OCI handles

Building an OCI Application

You compile and link an OCI program in the same way that you compile and link a non-database application. There is no need for a separate preprocessing or precompilation step.

Oracle supports most popular third-party compilers. The details of linking an OCI program vary from system to system. On some operating systems, it may be necessary to include other libraries, in addition to the OCI library, to properly link your OCI programs. See your Oracle system-specific documentation and the installation guide for more information about compiling and linking an OCI application for your operating system.

Parts of OCI

OCI has the following functionality:

• APIs to design a scalable, multithreaded application that can support large numbers of users securely

• SQL access functions, for managing database access, processing SQL statements, and manipulating objects retrieved from an Oracle database server

• Datatype mapping and manipulation functions, for manipulating data attributes of Oracle types

• Data loading functions, for loading data directly into the database without using SQL statements

• External procedure functions, for writing C callbacks from PL/SQL

Procedural and Non-Procedural Elements

OCI lets you develop scalable, multithreaded applications in a multitier architecture that combines the non-procedural data access power of Structured Query Language (SQL) with the procedural capabilities of C and C++.

• In a non-procedural language program, the set of data to be operated on is specified, but what operations will be performed, or how the operations are to be carried out is not specified. The non-procedural nature of SQL makes it an easy language to learn and to use to perform database transactions. It is also the standard language used to access and manipulate data in modern relational and object-relational database systems.

• In a procedural language program, the execution of most statements depends on previous or subsequent statements and on control structures, such as loops or conditional branches, which are not available in SQL. The procedural nature of these languages makes them more complex than SQL, but it also makes them more flexible and powerful.

The combination of both non-procedural and procedural language elements in an OCI program provides easy access to an Oracle database in a structured programming environment.

OCI supports all SQL data definition, data manipulation, query, and transaction control facilities that are available through an Oracle database server. For example, an OCI program can run a query against an Oracle database. The queries can require the program to supply data to the database using input (bind) variables, as follows:

SELECT name FROM employees WHERE empno = :empnumber;

In the preceding SQL statement, :empnumber is a placeholder for a value that will be supplied by the application.

You can also take advantage of PL/SQL, Oracle's procedural extension to SQL. The applications you develop can be more powerful and flexible than applications written in SQL alone. OCI also provides facilities for accessing and manipulating objects in an Oracle database server.

Object Support

OCI has facilities for working with object types and objects. An object type is a user-defined data structure representing an abstraction of a real-world entity. For example, the database might contain a definition of a person object. That object might have attributes—first_name, last_name, and age—which represent a person's identifying characteristics.

The object type definition serves as the basis for creating objects, which represent instances of the object type. Using the object type as a structural definition, a person object could be created with the attribute values 'John', 'Bonivento', and '30'. Object types may also contain methods—programmatic functions that represent the behavior of that object type.

OCI includes functions that extend the capabilities of OCI to handle objects in an Oracle database server. Specifically, the following capabilities have been added to OCI:

• Executing SQL statements that manipulate object data and schema information

• Passing of object references and instances as input variables in SQL statements

• Declaring object references and instances as variables to receive the output of SQL statements

• Fetching object references and instances from a database

• Describing the properties of SQL statements that return object instances and references

• Describing PL/SQL procedures or functions with object parameters or results

• Extension of commit and rollback calls in order to synchronize object and relational functionality

Additional OCI calls are provided to support manipulation of objects after they have been accessed by SQL statements. For a more detailed description of enhancements and new features, refer to "Encapsulated Interfaces".

SQL Statements

One of the main tasks of an OCI application is to process SQL statements. Different types of SQL statements require different processing steps in your program. It is important to take this into account when coding your OCI application. Oracle recognizes several types of SQL statements:

• Data Definition Language (DDL)

• Control Statements

  • Transaction Control

  • Session Control

  • System Control

• Data Manipulation Language (DML)

• Queries

  Note:

  Queries are often classified as DML statements, but OCI applications process queries differently, so they are considered separately here.

• PL/SQL

• Embedded SQL

  See Also:

  Chapter 4, "Using SQL Statements in OCI"

CREATE TABLE employees
    (name       VARCHAR2(20),
     ssn        VARCHAR2(12),
     empno      NUMBER(6),
     mgr        NUMBER(6),
     salary     NUMBER(6));

GRANT UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE ON employees TO donna;
REVOKE UPDATE ON employees FROM jamie;

CREATE TYPE person_t AS OBJECT (
    name     VARCHAR2(30),
    ssn      VARCHAR2(12),
    address  VARCHAR2(50));

CREATE TABLE person_tab OF person_t;

INSERT INTO person_tab
    VALUES (person_t('Steve May','123-45-6789','146 Winfield Street'));

SELECT dname FROM dept
     WHERE deptno = 42;

SELECT name 
    FROM employees
    WHERE empno = :empnumber;

BEGIN
    SELECT ename, sal, comm INTO :emp_name, :salary, :commission
    FROM emp
    WHERE empno = :emp_number;
END;

SELECT customer, address
FROM customers
WHERE bus_type = 'SOFTWARE'
AND sales_volume = :sales;

Encapsulated Interfaces

All the data structures that are used by OCI calls are encapsulated in the form of opaque interfaces that are called handles. A handle is an opaque pointer to a storage area allocated by the OCI library that stores context information, connection information, error information, or bind information about a SQL or PL/SQL statement. A client allocates a certain types of handles, populates one or more of those handles through well-defined interfaces, and sends requests to the server using those handles. In turn, applications can access the specific information contained in the handle by using accessor functions.

The OCI library manages a hierarchy of handles. Encapsulating the OCI interfaces by means of these handles has several benefits to the application developer, including:

• Reduction in the amount of server side state information that must be retained, thereby reducing server-side memory usage

• Improvement of productivity by eliminating the need for global variables, making error reporting easier, and providing consistency in the way OCI variables are accessed and used

• Encapsulation of OCI structures in the form of handles makes them opaque, allowing changes to be made to the underlying structure without affecting applications

Simplified User Authentication and Password Management

OCI provides application developers with simplified user authentication and password management in several ways:

• Allows a single OCI application to authenticate and maintain multiple users

• Allows the application to update a user's password, which is particularly helpful if an expired password message is returned by an authentication attempt

OCI supports two types of login sessions:

• A simplified login function for sessions by which a single user connects to the database using a login name and password

• A mechanism by which a single OCI application authenticates and maintains multiple sessions by separating the login session, which is the session created when a user logs into an Oracle database, from the user sessions, which are all other sessions created by a user

Extensions to Improve Application Performance and Scalability

OCI has several enhancements to improve application performance and scalability. Application performance has been improved by reducing the number of client to server round trips required and scalability improvements have been made by reducing the amount of state information that must be retained on the server side. Some of these features include:

• Increased client-side processing, and reduced server-side requirements on queries

• Implicit prefetching of SELECT statement result sets to eliminate the describe round trip, reduce round trips, and reduce memory usage

• Elimination of open and closed cursor round trips

• Improved support for multithreaded environments

• Session multiplexing over connections

• Consistent support for a variety of configurations, including standard two-tier client/server configurations, server-to-server transaction coordination, and three-tier TP-monitor configurations

• Consistent support for local and global transactions including support for the XA interface's TM_JOIN operation

• Improved scalability by providing the ability to concentrate connections, processes, and sessions across users on connections and eliminating the need for separate sessions to be created for each branch of a global transaction

• Allowing applications to authenticate multiple users and allow transactions to be started on their behalf

OCI Object Support

OCI provides a comprehensive application programming interface for programmers seeking to use the Oracle server's object capabilities. These features can be divided into five major categories:

• Client-Side Object Caching

• Associative and navigational interfaces to access and manipulate objects

• Runtime environment for objects

• Type management functions to access information about object types in an Oracle database

• Type mapping and manipulation functions for controlling data attributes of Oracle types

• Object Type Translator utility, for mapping internal Oracle schema information to client-side language bind variables

Client-Side Object Cache

The object cache is a client-side memory buffer that provides lookup and memory management support for objects. It stores and tracks object instances that have been fetched by an OCI application from the server to the client side. The object cache is created when the OCI environment is initialized. Multiple applications running against the same server will each have their own object cache. The cache tracks the objects which are currently in memory, maintains references to objects, manages automatic object swapping and tracks the meta-attributes or type information about objects. The object cache provides the following to OCI applications:

• Improved application performance by reducing the number of client/server round trips required to fetch and operate on objects

• Enhanced scalability by supporting object swapping from the client-side cache

• Improved concurrency by supporting object-level locking

Associative and Navigational Interfaces

Applications using OCI can access objects in the Oracle server through several types of interfaces:

• Using SQL SELECT, INSERT, and UPDATE statements

• Using a C-style pointer chasing scheme to access objects in the client-side cache by traversing the corresponding smart pointers or REFs

OCI provides a set of functions with extensions to support object manipulation using SQL SELECT, INSERT, and UPDATE statements. To access Oracle objects these SQL statements use a consistent set of steps as if they were accessing relational tables. OCI provides the following sets of functions required to access objects:

• Binding and defining object type instances and references as input and output variables of SQL statements

• Executing SQL statements that contain object type instances and references

• Fetching object type instances and references

• Describing select-list items of an Oracle object type

OCI also provides a set of functions using a C-style pointer chasing scheme to access objects once they have been fetched into the client-side cache by traversing the corresponding smart pointers or REFs. This navigational interface provides functions for:

• Instantiating a copy of a referenceable persistent object, that is, of a persistent object with object ID in the client-side cache by pinning its smart pointer or REF

• Traversing a sequence of objects that are connected to each other by traversing the REFs that point from one to the other

• Dynamically getting and setting values of an object's attributes

OCI Runtime Environment for Objects

OCI provides functions for objects that manages how Oracle objects are used on the client-side. These functions provide for:

• Connecting to an Oracle server in order to access its object functionality, including initializing a session, logging on to a database server, and registering a connection

• Setting up the client-side object cache and tuning its parameters

• Getting errors and warning messages

• Controlling transactions that access objects in the server

• Associatively accessing objects through SQL

• Describing a PL/SQL procedure or function whose parameters or result are Oracle types

Type Management, Mapping and Manipulation Functions

OCI provides two sets of functions to work with Oracle objects:

• Type Mapping functions allow applications to map attributes of an Oracle schema represented in the server as internal Oracle datatypes to their corresponding host language types.

• Type Manipulation functions allow host language applications to manipulate individual attributes of an Oracle schema such as setting and getting their values and flushing their values to the server.

Additionally, the OCIDescribeAny() function provides information about objects stored in the database.

Object Type Translator

The Object Type Translator (OTT) utility translates schema information about Oracle object types into client-side language bindings of host language variables, such as structures. The OTT takes as input an intype file which contains metadata information about Oracle schema objects. It generates an outtype file and the necessary header and implementation files that must be included in a C application that runs against the object schema. Both OCI applications and Pro*C/C++ precompiler applications may include code generated by the OTT. The OTT has many benefits including:

• Improves application developer productivity: OTT eliminates the need for you to code the host language variables that correspond to schema objects.

• Maintains SQL as the data-definition language of choice: By providing the ability to automatically map Oracle schema objects that are created using SQL to host language variables, OTT facilitates the use of SQL as the data-definition language of choice. This in turn allows Oracle to support a consistent model of data.

• Facilitates schema evolution of object types: OTT regenerates included header files when the schema is changed, allowing Oracle applications to support schema evolution.

OTT is typically invoked from the command line by specifying the intype file, the outtype file and the specific database connection. With Oracle, OTT can only generate C structures which can either be used with OCI programs or with the Pro*C/C++ precompiler programs

OCI Support for Oracle Streams Advanced Queuing

OCI provides an interface to Oracle's Streams Advanced Queuing (Streams AQ) feature. Streams AQ provides message queuing as an integrated part of the Oracle server. Streams AQ provides this functionality by integrating the queuing system with the database, thereby creating a message-enabled database. By providing an integrated solution Streams AQ frees you to devote your efforts to your specific business logic rather than having to construct a messaging infrastructure.

XA Library Support

OCI supports the Oracle XA library. The xa.h header file is in the same location as all the other OCI header files. For Linux or UNIX, the path is $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/public. Users of the demo_rdbms.mk file on Linux or UNIX are not affected because the directory $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/public is already in the file.

For Windows, the path is ORACLE_BASE\ORACLE_HOME\oci\include.

Version Compatibility of Statically-Linked and Dynamically-Linked Applications

Here are the rules for re-linking for a new release.

• Statically-linked OCI applications:

  Statically-linked OCI applications need to be re-linked for both major and minor releases, because the statically linked Oracle client-side library code may be incompatible with the error messages in the upgraded ORACLE_HOME. For example, if an error message was updated with additional parameters then it will not be compatible with the statically-linked code.

• Dynamically-linked OCI applications:

  Dynamically-linked OCI applications from 10g and later releases need not be re-linked. That is, the Oracle client-side dynamic library is upward compatible with the previous version of the library. The Oracle Installer creates a symbolic link for the previous version of the library that resolves to the current version. Therefore, an application that is dynamically-linked with the previous version of the Oracle client-side dynamic library does not need to be re-linked to operate with the current version of the Oracle client-side library.

  Note:

  If the application is linked with a runtime library search path (such as -rpath on Linux) then the application may still run with the version of the Oracle client-side library it is linked with. To run with the current version of the Oracle client-side library, it must be re-linked.

  See Also:

  • Oracle Database Upgrade Guide for information about compatibility and upgrading

  • The server versions supported currently are found on Oracle iSupport in note 207303.1. See the URL http://metalink.oracle.com/

Simplified Upgrading of Existing OCI Release 7 Applications

OCI has been significantly improved with many features. Applications written to work with OCI release 7 have a smooth migration path to this OCI release because of the interoperability of OCI release 7 clients with this release of the server, and of clients of this release with an Oracle database version 7 server.

Specifically:

• Applications that use the OCI release 7.3 API will work unchanged against this release of the server. They do need to be linked with the current client library.

• OCI release 7 and the OCI calls of this release can be mixed in the same application and in the same transaction provided they are not mixed within the same statement execution.

As a result, when migrating an existing OCI version 7 application you have the following two alternatives:

• Upgrade to the current OCI client but do not modify the application: If you choose to upgrade from an Oracle release 7 OCI client to the current release OCI client, you need only link the new version of the OCI library and need not recompile your application. The re-linked Oracle release 7 OCI applications work unchanged against a current server.

• Upgrade to the current OCI client and modify the application: To use the performance and scalability benefits provided by the new OCI, however, you will need to modify your existing applications to use the new OCI programming paradigm, re-link them with the new OCI library, and run them against the current release of the server.

If you need to use any of the object capabilities of the current server release, you will need to upgrade your client to this release of OCI.

Obsolete OCI Routines

Release 8.0 of the OCI introduced an entirely new set of functions which were not available in release 7.3. Oracle continues to support these release 7.3 functions. Many of the earlier 7.x calls are available, but Oracle strongly recommends that new applications use the new calls to improve performance and provide increased functionality.

Table 1-1, "Obsolescent OCI Functions" lists the 7.x OCI calls with their later equivalents. For more information about the OCI calls, see the function descriptions in this guide. For more information about the 7.x calls, see the Programmer's Guide to the Oracle Call Interface, Release 7.3. These 7.x calls are obsolete, meaning that OCI has replaced them with newer calls. While the obsolete calls are supported at this time, they may not be supported in all future versions of OCI.

OCI Routines Not Supported

Some OCI routines that were available in previous versions of OCI are not supported in later releases. They are listed in Table 1-2, "OCI Functions Not Supported":

Compatibility Between Different Releases of OCI and Servers

This section addresses compatibility between different releases of OCI and Oracle server.

Existing 7.x applications with no new post-release 7.x calls have to be re-linked with the new client-side library.

The application will not be able to use the object features of Oracle8i or later, and will not get any of the performance or scalability benefits provided by those OCI releases.

Upgrading OCI

Programmers who wish to incorporate release post-release 7.x functionality into existing OCI applications have two options:

• Completely rewrite the application to use only new OCI calls (recommended).

• Incorporate new OCI post-release 7.x calls into the application, while still using 7.x calls for some operations.

This manual should provide the information necessary to rewrite an existing application to use only new OCI calls.

Benefits of Instant Client

Why use Instant Client? Here are the reasons:

• Installation involves copying a small number of files.

• The Oracle client-side number of required files and the total disk storage are significantly reduced.

• There is no loss of functionality or performance for applications deployed in Instant Client mode.

• It is simple for independent software vendors to package applications.

OCI Instant Client Installation Process

The Instant Client libraries can also be installed by choosing the Instant Client option from the Oracle Universal Installer. The Instant Client libraries can also be downloaded from the Oracle Technology Network Web site:

http://www.oracle.com/technology/tech/oci/instantclient/index.html

The installation process is as simple as:

1. Downloading and installing the Instant Client shared libraries to a directory such as instantclient_11_2, for release 11.2 and so on. Choose the Basic package.

2. Setting the operating system shared library path environment variable to the directory from step 1. For example, on Linux or UNIX, set LD_LIBRARY_PATH to instantclient_11_2. On Windows, set PATH to locate the instantclient_11_2 directory.

3. If necessary, use NLS_LANG to reset the client system's language, territory, and character set.

After completing the preceding steps you are ready to run the OCI application.

The OCI application operates in Instant Client mode when the OCI shared libraries are accessible through the operating system Library Path variable. In this mode, there is no dependency on ORACLE_HOME and none of the other code and data files provided in ORACLE_HOME are needed by OCI (except for the tnsnames.ora file described later).

Instant Client can be installed from the Oracle Universal Installer by selecting the Instant Client option. The installation should be done into an empty directory. As with the OTN install, you must set the LD_LIBRARY_PATH to the instant client directory to operate in instant client mode.

If you have done a complete client installation (by choosing the Admin option) the Instant Client shared libraries are also installed. The locations of the Instant Client shared libraries in a full client installation are:

On Linux or UNIX:

libociei.so library is in $ORACLE_HOME/instantclient

libclntsh.so.11.1 and libnnz11.so are in $ORACLE_HOME/lib

On Windows:

oraociei11.dll library is in ORACLE_HOME\instantclient

oci.dll, ociw32.dll, and orannzsbb11.dll are in ORACLE_HOME\bin

By copying the preceding libraries to a different directory and setting the operating system shared library path to locate this directory you can enable running the OCI application in Instant Client mode.

To enable other capabilities such as OCCI and JDBC-OCI, a few other files need to be copied over as well. In particular, for the JDBC OCI driver, in addition to the three OCI shared libraries, you must also download OCI JDBC Library (for example libocijdbc11.so on Linux or UNIX and ocijdbc11.dll on Windows). All libraries must be in the Instant Client directory.

For OCCI, the OCCI Library (libocci.so.11.1 on Linux or UNIX and oraocci11.dll on Windows) must also be installed in the Instant Client directory.

When to Use Instant Client

Instant Client is a deployment feature and should be used for running production applications. In general, all OCI functionality is available to an application being run in the Instant Client mode, except that the Instant Client mode is for client-side operation only. Therefore, server-side external procedures cannot operate in the Instant Client mode.

For development you can also use the Instant Client SDK.

Patching Instant Client Shared Libraries on Linux or UNIX

Because Instant Client is a deployment feature, the emphasis has been on reducing the number and size of files (client footprint) required to run an OCI application. Hence all files needed to patch Instant Client shared libraries are not available in an Instant Client deployment. An ORACLE_HOME based full client installation is needed to patch the Instant Client shared libraries. The opatch utility will take care of patching the Instant Client shared libraries.

After applying the patch in an ORACLE_HOME environment, copy the files listed in Table 1-3, "OCI Instant Client Shared Libraries" to the instant client directory as described in "OCI Instant Client Installation Process".

Instead of copying individual files, you can generate Instant Client zip and RPM files for OCI/OCCI, JDBC, and SQL*Plus as described in "Regeneration of Data Shared Library and Zip and RPM Files". Then, instead of copying individual files as described above, you can instead copy the zip and RPM files to the target system and unzip them as described in "OCI Instant Client Installation Process" .

The opatch utility stores the patching information of the ORACLE_HOME installation in libclntsh.so . This information can be retrieved by the following command:

genezi -v

Note that if the Instant Client deployment system does not have the genezi utility, then it must be copied from the ORACLE_HOME/bin directory of the ORACLE_HOME system.

Regeneration of Data Shared Library and Zip and RPM Files

The process to regenerate the data shared library, and the zip and RPM files has changed for release 11.2 and above. Separate targets are added to create the data shared libraries, zip, and RPM files either individually or all at once. In previous releases only one target, ilibociei, was provided that built the data shared libraries, zip, and RPM files. Now ilibociei only serves to build the zip and RPM files. Regeneration of data shared libraries requires compiler and linker which may not be available on all installations. Therefore separate targets have been added to regenerate them.

cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/lib
make -f ins_rdbms.mk igenlibociei

mkdir -p $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/install/instantclient/light
cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/lib
make -f ins_rdbms.mk igenlibociicus

mkdir -p $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/install/instantclient/light
cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/lib
make -f ins_rdbms.mk igenliboci

mkdir -p $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/install/instantclient32/light
cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/lib
make -f ins_rdbms.mk ilibociei32

cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/lib
make -f ins_rdbms.mk ic_basic_zip

cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/lib
make -f ins_rdbms.mk ic_basiclite_zip

cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/lib
make -f ins_rdbms.mk ic_jdbc_zip

cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/lib
make -f ins_rdbms.mk ic_odbc_zip

cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/lib
make -f ins_rdbms.mk ic_sqlplus_zip

cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/lib
make -f ins_rdbms.mk ic_tools_zip

cd $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/lib
make -f ins_rdbms.mk ilibociei

Database Connection Strings for OCI Instant Client

The OCI Instant Client can make remote database connections in all the ways that ordinary SQL clients can. However because the Instant Client does not have the ORACLE_HOME environment and directory structure some of the database naming methods will require additional configuration steps.

All Oracle net naming methods that do not require use of ORACLE_HOME or TNS_ADMIN (to locate configuration files such as tnsnames.ora or sqlnet.ora) work in the Instant Client mode. In particular, the connect_identifier in the OCIServerAttach() call can be specified in the following formats:

• A SQL Connect URL string of the form:

  [//]host[:port][/service name]
  

  such as:

  //dlsun242:5521/bjava21
  

• As an Oracle Net connect descriptor. For example:

  "(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp) (HOST=dlsun242) (PORT=5521))
  (CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=bjava21)))"
  

• A Connection Name that is resolved through Directory Naming where the site is configured for LDAP server discovery.

For naming methods such as tnsnames and directory naming to work the TNS_ADMIN environment variable must be set.

If the TNS_ADMIN environment variable is not set, and TNSNAMES entries such as inst1, and so on, are used, then the ORACLE_HOME variable must be set, and the configuration files are expected to be in the $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin directory.

Note that the ORACLE_HOME variable in this case is only used for locating Oracle Net configuration files, and no other component of Client Code Library (OCI, NLS, and so on) uses the value of ORACLE_HOME.

If a NULL string, "", is used as the connection string in the OCIServerAttach() call, then the TWO_TASK environment variable can be set to the connect_identifier. On Windows platform, the LOCAL environment variable is used instead of TWO_TASK.

Similarly for OCI command line applications such as SQL*Plus, the TWO_TASK (or LOCAL on Windows) environment variable can be set to the connect_identifier. Its value can be anything that would have gone to the right of the '@' on a typical connect string.

LISTENER = (ADDRESS_LIST=
 (ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=server6)(PORT=1573))
)
 
SID_LIST_LISTENER = (SID_LIST= 
 (SID_DESC=(SID_NAME=rdbms3)(GLOBAL_DBNAME=rdbms3.server6.us.alchemy.com)
(ORACLE_HOME=/home/dba/rdbms3/oracle))
)

"(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=server6)(PORT=1573))(CONNECT_DATA=
(SERVICE_NAME=rdbms3.server6.us.alchemy.com)))"

"//server6:1573/rdbms3.server6.us.alchemy.com"

setenv TWO_TASK "(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=server6)(PORT=1573))
(CONNECT_DATA=(SERVICE_NAME=rdbms3.server6.us.alchemy.com)))"

setenv TWO_TASK //server6:1573/rdbms3.server6.us.alchemy.com

sqlplus user

conn_str = (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=server6)(PORT=1573))(CONNECT_DATA=
(SERVICE_NAME=rdbms3.server6.us.alchemy.com)))

setenv TNS_ADMIN /home/webuser/instantclient

setenv ORACLE_HOME /network/server6/home/dba/oracle

setenv TWO_TASK conn_str

Environment Variables for OCI Instant Client

The ORACLE_HOME environment variable no longer determines the location of NLS, CORE, and error message files. An OCI-only application should not require ORACLE_HOME to be set. However, if it is set, it does not have an impact on OCI's operation. OCI will always obtain its data from the Data Shared Library. If the Data Shared Library is not available, only then is ORACLE_HOME used and a full client installation is assumed. Even though ORACLE_HOME is not required to be set, if it is set, then it must be set to a valid operating system path name that identifies a directory.

If Dynamic User callback libraries are to be loaded, then as this guide specifies, the callback package has to reside in ORACLE_HOME/lib (ORACLE_HOME\bin on Windows). Therefore, ORACLE_HOME should be set in this case.

Environment variables ORA_NLS10 and ORA_NLS_PROFILE33 are ignored in the Instant Client mode.

In the Instant Client mode, if the ORA_TZFILE variable is not set, then the larger, default, timezlrg_n.dat file from the Data Shared Library is used. If the smaller timezone_n.dat file is to be used from the Data Shared Library, then set the ORA_TZFILE environment variable to the name of the file without any absolute or relative path names. That is, on Linux or UNIX:

setenv ORA_TZFILE timezone_n.dat

On Windows:

set ORA_TZFILE=timezone_n.dat

Where n is the time zone data file version number.

If OCI is not operating in the Instant Client mode (because the Data Shared Library is not available), then ORA_TZFILE variable, if set, names a complete path name as it does in previous Oracle releases.

If TNSNAMES entries are used, then, as mentioned earlier, TNS_ADMIN directory must contain the TNSNAMES configuration files, and if TNS_ADMIN is not set, then the ORACLE_HOME/network/admin directory must contain Oracle Net Services configuration files.

Instant Client Light (English)

The Instant Client Light (English) version of Instant Client further reduces the disk space requirements of the client installation. The size of the library has been reduced by removing error message files for languages other than English and leaving only a few supported character set definitions out of around 250.

This Instant Client Light version is geared toward applications that use either US7ASCII, WE8DEC, WE8ISO8859P1, WE8MSWIN1252, or one of the Unicode character sets. There is no restriction on the LANGUAGE and the TERRITORY fields of the NLS_LANG setting, so the Instant Client Light will operate with any language and territory settings. Because only English error messages are provided with the Instant Client Light, error messages generated on the client side, such as Net connection errors, will be always reported in English, even if NLS_LANG is set to a language other than AMERICAN. Error messages generated by the database side, such as syntax errors in SQL statements, will be in the selected language provided the appropriate translated message files are installed in the Oracle Home of the database instance.

SDK for Instant Client

The SDK can be downloaded from the Instant Client web page:

http://www.oracle.com/technology/tech/oci/instantclient/

• The Instant Client SDK package has both C and C++ header files and a Makefile for developing OCI and OCCI applications while in an Instant Client environment. Developed applications can be deployed in any client environment.

• The SDK contains C and C++ demonstration programs.

• On Windows, libraries required to link the OCI or OCCI applications are also included. Make.bat is provided to build the demos.

• On UNIX or Linux, the Makefile demo.mk is provided to build the demos. The instantclient_11_2 directory must be on the LD_LIBRARY_PATH before linking the application. The OCI and OCCI programs require the presence of libclntsh.so and libocci.so symbolic links in the instantclient_11_2 directory. demo.mk creates these before the link step. These symbolic links can also be created in a shell:

  cd instantclient_11_2
  ln -s libclntsh.so.11.1 libclntsh.so
  ln -s libocci.so.11.1 libocci.so
  

• The SDK also contains the Object Type Translator (OTT) utility and its classes to generate the application header files.