GROUPING

Syntax

Description of the illustration grouping.gif

Purpose

GROUPING distinguishes superaggregate rows from regular grouped rows. GROUP BY extensions such as ROLLUP and CUBE produce superaggregate rows where the set of all values is represented by null. Using the GROUPING function, you can distinguish a null representing the set of all values in a superaggregate row from a null in a regular row.

The expr in the GROUPING function must match one of the expressions in the GROUP BY clause. The function returns a value of 1 if the value of expr in the row is a null representing the set of all values. Otherwise, it returns zero. The data type of the value returned by the GROUPING function is Oracle NUMBER. Refer to the SELECT group_by_clause for a discussion of these terms.

Examples

In the following example, which uses the sample tables hr.departments and hr.employees, if the GROUPING function returns 1 (indicating a superaggregate row rather than a regular row from the table), then the string "All Jobs" appears in the "JOB" column instead of the null that would otherwise appear:

SELECT 
   DECODE(GROUPING(department_name), 1, 'All Departments', department_name) AS department,
   DECODE(GROUPING(job_id), 1, 'All Jobs', job_id) AS job,
   COUNT(*) "Total Empl", 
   AVG(salary) * 12 "Average Sal"
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE d.department_id = e.department_id
GROUP BY ROLLUP (department_name, job_id)
ORDER BY department, job, "Total Empl", "Average Sal";

DEPARTMENT                     JOB        Total Empl Average Sal
------------------------------ ---------- ---------- -----------
Accounting                     AC_ACCOUNT          1       99600
Accounting                     AC_MGR              1      144000
Accounting                     All Jobs            2      121800
Administration                 AD_ASST             1       52800
Administration                 All Jobs            1       52800
All Departments                All Jobs          106  77479.2453
Executive                      AD_PRES             1      288000
Executive                      AD_VP               2      204000
Executive                      All Jobs            3      232000
Finance                        All Jobs            6      103200
Finance                        FI_ACCOUNT          5       95040
. . .