13 External Tables Concepts

The external tables feature is a complement to existing SQL*Loader functionality. It enables you to access data in external sources as if it were in a table in the database.

Note that SQL*Loader may be the better choice in data loading situations that require additional indexing of the staging table. See Behavior Differences Between SQL*Loader and External Tables for more information about how load behavior differs between SQL*Loader and external tables.

This chapter discusses the following topics:

How Are External Tables Created?
Datatype Conversion During External Table Use
External Table Restrictions

How Are External Tables Created?

External tables are created using the SQL CREATE TABLE...ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL statement. When you create an external table, you specify the following attributes:

TYPE - specifies the type of external table. The two available types are the ORACLE_LOADER type and the ORACLE_DATAPUMP type. Each type of external table is supported by its own access driver.
- The ORACLE_LOADER access driver is the default. It can perform only data loads, and the data must come from text datafiles. Loads from external tables to internal tables are done by reading from the text-only datafiles in the external table.
- The ORACLE_DATAPUMP access driver can perform both loads and unloads. The data must come from binary dump files. Loads to internal tables from external tables are done by fetching from the binary dump files. Unloads from internal tables to external tables are done by populating the binary dump files of the external table. The ORACLE_DATAPUMP access driver can write dump files only as part of creating an external table with the SQL CREATE TABLE AS SELECT statement. Once the dump file is created, it can be read any number of times, but it cannot be modified (that is, no DML operations can be performed).
DEFAULT DIRECTORY - specifies the default location of files that are read or written by external tables. The location is specified with a directory object, not a directory path. See Location of Datafiles and Output Files for more information.
ACCESS PARAMETERS - describe the external data source and implements the type of external table that was specified. Each type of external table has its own access driver that provides access parameters unique to that type of external table. See Access Parameters.
LOCATION - specifies the location of the external data. The location is specified as a list of directory objects and file names. If the directory object is not specified, then the default directory object is used as the file location.

The following example shows the use of each of these attributes:

SQL> CREATE TABLE emp_load
  2    (employee_number      CHAR(5),
  3     employee_dob         CHAR(20),
  4     employee_last_name   CHAR(20),
  5     employee_first_name  CHAR(15),
  6     employee_middle_name CHAR(15),
  7     employee_hire_date   DATE)
  8  ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL
  9    (TYPE ORACLE_LOADER
 10     DEFAULT DIRECTORY def_dir1
 11     ACCESS PARAMETERS
 12       (RECORDS DELIMITED BY NEWLINE
 13        FIELDS (employee_number      CHAR(2),
 14                employee_dob         CHAR(20),
 15                employee_last_name   CHAR(18),
 16                employee_first_name  CHAR(11),
 17                employee_middle_name CHAR(11),
 18                employee_hire_date   CHAR(10) date_format DATE mask "mm/dd/yyyy"
 19               )
 20       )
 21     LOCATION ('info.dat')
 22    );
 
Table created.

The information you provide through the access driver ensures that data from the data source is processed so that it matches the definition of the external table. The fields listed after CREATE TABLE emp_load are actually defining the metadata for the data in the info.dat source file. The access parameters are optional.

Location of Datafiles and Output Files

The access driver runs inside the database server. This is different from SQL*Loader, which is a client program that sends the data to be loaded over to the server. This difference has the following implications:

The server must have access to any files to be loaded by the access driver.
The server must create and write the output files created by the access driver: the log file, bad file, discard file, and any dump files created by the ORACLE_DATAPUMP access driver.

The access driver requires that a directory object be used to specify the location from which to read and write files. A directory object maps a name to a directory name on the file system. For example, the following statement creates a directory object named ext_tab_dir that is mapped to a directory located at /usr/apps/datafiles.

CREATE DIRECTORY ext_tab_dir AS '/usr/apps/datafiles';

Directory objects can be created by DBAs or by any user with the CREATE ANY DIRECTORY privilege.

Note:

To use external tables in an Oracle Real Applications Cluster (RAC) configuration, you must ensure that the directory object path is on a cluster-wide file system.

After a directory is created, the user creating the directory object needs to grant READ and WRITE privileges on the directory to other users. These privileges must be explicitly granted, rather than assigned through the use of roles. For example, to allow the server to read files on behalf of user scott in the directory named by ext_tab_dir, the user who created the directory object must execute the following command:

GRANT READ ON DIRECTORY ext_tab_dir TO scott;

The name of the directory object can appear in the following places in a CREATE TABLE...ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL statement:

The DEFAULT DIRECTORY clause, which specifies the default directory to use for all input and output files that do not explicitly name a directory object.
The LOCATION clause, which lists all of the datafiles for the external table. The files are named in the form directory:file. The directory portion is optional. If it is missing, the default directory is used as the directory for the file.
The ACCESS PARAMETERS clause where output files are named. The files are named in the form directory:file. The directory portion is optional. If it is missing, the default directory is used as the directory for the file. Syntax in the access parameters enables you to indicate that a particular output file should not be created. This is useful if you do not care about the output files or if you do not have write access to any directory objects.

The SYS user is the only user that can own directory objects, but the SYS user can grant other users the privilege to create directory objects. Note that READ or WRITE permission to a directory object means only that the Oracle database will read or write that file on your behalf. You are not given direct access to those files outside of the Oracle database unless you have the appropriate operating system privileges. Similarly, the Oracle database requires permission from the operating system to read and write files in the directories.

Access Parameters

When you create an external table of a particular type, you can specify access parameters to modify the default behavior of the access driver. Each access driver has its own syntax for access parameters. Oracle provides two access drivers for use with external tables: ORACLE_LOADER and ORACLE_DATAPUMP.

Note:

These access parameters are collectively referred to as the opaque_format_spec in the SQL CREATE TABLE...ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL statement.

Datatype Conversion During External Table Use

When data is moved into or out of an external table, it is possible that the same column will have a different datatype in each of the following three places:

The database: This is the source when data is unloaded into an external table and it is the destination when data is loaded from an external table.
The external table: When data is unloaded into an external table, the data from the database is converted, if necessary, to match the datatype of the column in the external table. Also, you can apply SQL operators to the source data to change its datatype before the data gets moved to the external table. Similarly, when loading from the external table into a database, the data from the external table is automatically converted to match the datatype of the column in the database. Again, you can perform other conversions by using SQL operators in the SQL statement that is selecting from the external table. For better performance, the datatypes in the external table should match those in the database.
The datafile: When you unload data into an external table, the datatypes for fields in the datafile exactly match the datatypes of fields in the external table. However, when you load data from the external table, the datatypes in the datafile may not match the datatypes in the external table. In this case, the data from the datafile is converted to match the datatypes of the external table. If there is an error converting a column, then the record containing that column is not loaded. For better performance, the datatypes in the datafile should match the datatypes in the external table.

Any conversion errors that occur between the datafile and the external table cause the row with the error to be ignored. Any errors between the external table and the column in the database (including conversion errors and constraint violations) cause the entire operation to terminate unsuccessfully.

When data is unloaded into an external table, data conversion occurs if the datatype of a column in the source table does not match the datatype of the column in the external table. If a conversion error occurs, then the datafile may not contain all the rows that were processed up to that point and the datafile will not be readable. To avoid problems with conversion errors causing the operation to fail, the datatype of the column in the external table should match the datatype of the column in the database. This is not always possible, because external tables do not support all datatypes. In these cases, the unsupported datatypes in the source table must be converted into a datatype that the external table can support. For example, if a source table has a LONG column, the corresponding column in the external table must be a CLOB and the SELECT subquery that is used to populate the external table must use the TO_LOB operator to load the column. For example:

CREATE TABLE LONG_TAB_XT (LONG_COL CLOB) ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL...SELECT TO_LOB(LONG_COL) FROM LONG_TAB;

External Table Restrictions

This section lists what the external tables feature does not do and also describes some processing restrictions.

Exporting and importing of external tables with encrypted columns is not supported.
An external table does not describe any data that is stored in the database.
An external table does not describe how data is stored in the external source. This is the function of the access parameters.
Column processing: By default, the external tables feature fetches all columns defined for an external table. This guarantees a consistent result set for all queries. However, for performance reasons you can decide to process only the referenced columns of an external table, thus minimizing the amount of data conversion and data handling required to execute a query. In this case, a row that is rejected because a column in the row causes a datatype conversion error will not get rejected in a different query if the query does not reference that column. You can change this column-processing behavior with the ALTER TABLE command.
An external table cannot load data into a LONG column.
SQL strings cannot be specified in access parameters for the ORACLE_LOADER access driver. As a workaround, you can use the DECODE clause in the SELECT clause of the statement that is reading the external table. Alternatively, you can create a view of the external table that uses the DECODE clause and select from that view rather than the external table.
When identifiers (for example, column or table names) are specified in the external table access parameters, certain values are considered to be reserved words by the access parameter parser. If a reserved word is used as an identifier, it must be enclosed in double quotation marks.
See Also:
- Restrictions When Using the ORACLE_LOADER Access Driver
- Restrictions When Using the ORACLE_DATAPUMP Access Driver