A How Oracle Streams Works With Other Database Components

Capture Processes and Oracle Real Application Clusters

A capture process can capture changes in an Oracle Real Application Clusters (Oracle RAC) environment. If you use one or more capture processes and Oracle RAC in the same environment, then all archived logs that contain changes to be captured by a capture process must be available for all instances in the Oracle RAC environment. In an Oracle RAC environment, a capture process reads changes made by all instances. Any processes used by a single capture process run on a single instance in an Oracle RAC environment.

Each capture process is started and stopped on the owner instance for its ANYDATA queue, even if the start or stop procedure is run on a different instance. Also, a capture process follows its queue to a different instance if the current owner instance becomes unavailable. The queue itself follows the rules for primary instance and secondary instance ownership.

If the owner instance for a queue table containing a queue used by a capture process becomes unavailable, then queue ownership is transferred automatically to another instance in the cluster. In addition, if the capture process was enabled when the owner instance became unavailable, then the capture process is restarted automatically on the new owner instance. If the capture process was disabled when the owner instance became unavailable, then the capture process remains disabled on the new owner instance.

LogMiner supports the LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n initialization parameter, and Oracle Streams capture processes use LogMiner to capture changes from the redo log. If an archived log file is inaccessible from one destination, then a local capture process can read it from another accessible destination. On an Oracle RAC database, this ability also enables you to use cross instance archival (CIA) such that each instance archives its files to all other instances. This solution cannot detect or resolve gaps caused by missing archived log files. Hence, it can be used only to complement an existing solution to have the archived files shared between all instances.

In a downstream capture process environment, the source database can be a single instance database or a multi-instance Oracle RAC database. The downstream database can be a single instance database or a multi-instance Oracle RAC database, regardless of whether the source database is single instance or multi-instance.

Synchronous Capture and Oracle Real Application Clusters

A synchronous capture can capture changes in an Oracle Real Application Clusters (Oracle RAC) environment. In an Oracle RAC environment, synchronous capture reads changes made by all instances.

For the best performance with synchronous capture in an Oracle RAC environment, changes to independent sets of tables should be captured by separate synchronous captures. For example, if different applications use different sets of database objects in the database, then configure a separate synchronous capture to capture changes to the database objects for each application. In this case, each synchronous capture should use a different queue and queue table.

Combined Capture and Apply and Oracle Real Application Clusters

Combined capture and apply can be used in an Oracle Real Application Clusters (Oracle RAC) environment. In an Oracle RAC environment, the capture process and apply process can be on the same instance, on different instances in a single Oracle RAC database, or on different databases. When the capture process and apply process are on different instances in the same database or on different databases, you must configure a propagation between the capture process's queue and the apply process's queue for combined capture and apply to be used.

Queues and Oracle Real Application Clusters

You can configure a queue to stage LCRs and user messages in an Oracle Real Application Clusters (Oracle RAC) environment. In an Oracle RAC environment, only the owner instance can have a buffer for a queue, but different instances can have buffers for different queues. A buffered queue is System Global Area (SGA) memory associated with a queue.

Oracle Streams processes and jobs support primary instance and secondary instance specifications for queue tables. If you use these specifications, then the secondary instance assumes ownership of a queue table when the primary instance becomes unavailable, and ownership is transferred back to the primary instance when it becomes available again.

You can set primary and secondary instance specifications using the ALTER_QUEUE_TABLE procedure in the DBMS_AQADM package. The DBA_QUEUE_TABLES data dictionary view contains information about the owner instance for a queue table. A queue table can contain multiple queues. In this case, each queue in a queue table has the same owner instance as the queue table.

Propagations and Oracle Real Application Clusters

A propagation can propagate messages from one queue to another in an Oracle Real Application Clusters (Oracle RAC) environment. A propagation job running on an instance propagates logical change records (LCRs) from any queue owned by that instance to destination queues.

Any propagation to an Oracle RAC database is made over database links. The database links must be configured to connect to the destination instance that owns the queue that will receive the messages.

If the owner instance for a queue table containing a destination queue for a propagation becomes unavailable, then queue ownership is transferred automatically to another instance in the cluster. If both the primary and secondary instance for a queue table containing a destination queue become unavailable, then queue ownership is transferred automatically to another instance in the cluster. In this case, if the primary or secondary instance becomes available again, then ownership is transferred back to one of them accordingly.

A queue-to-queue propagation to a buffered destination queue uses a service to provide transparent failover in an Oracle RAC environment. That is, a propagation job for a queue-to-queue propagation automatically connects to the instance that owns the destination queue. The service used by a queue-to-queue propagation always runs on the owner instance of the destination queue. This service is created only for buffered queues in an Oracle RAC database. If you plan to use buffered messaging with an Oracle RAC database, then messages can be enqueued into a buffered queue on any instance. If messages are enqueued on an instance that does not own the queue, then the messages are sent to the correct instance, but it is more efficient to enqueue messages on the instance that owns the queue. The service can be used to connect to the owner instance of the queue before enqueuing messages into a buffered queue.

Because the queue service always runs on the owner instance of the queue, transparent failover can occur when Oracle RAC instances fail. When multiple queue-to-queue propagations use a single database link, the connect description for each queue-to-queue propagation changes automatically to propagate messages to the correct destination queue.

In contrast, queue-to-dblink propagations do not use services. Queue-to-dblink propagations require you to repoint your database links if the owner instance in an Oracle RAC database that contains the destination queue for the propagation fails. To make the propagation job connect to the correct instance on the destination database, manually reconfigure the database link from the source database to connect to the instance that owns the destination queue. You do not need to modify a propagation that uses a re-created database link.

The NAME column in the DBA_SERVICES data dictionary view contains the service name for a queue. The NETWORK_NAME column in the DBA_QUEUES data dictionary view contains the network name for a queue. Do not manage the services for queue-to-queue propagations in any way. Oracle manages them automatically. For queue-to-dblink propagations, use the network name as the service name in the connect string of the database link to connect to the correct instance.

Apply Processes and Oracle Real Application Clusters

You can configure an Oracle Streams apply process to apply changes in an Oracle Real Application Clusters (Oracle RAC) environment. Each apply process is started and stopped on the owner instance for its ANYDATA queue, even if the start or stop procedure is run on a different instance. An apply coordinator process, its corresponding apply reader server, and all of its apply servers run on a single instance.

If the owner instance for a queue table containing a queue used by an apply process becomes unavailable, then queue ownership is transferred automatically to another instance in the cluster. Also, an apply process will follow its queue to a different instance if the current owner instance becomes unavailable. The queue itself follows the rules for primary instance and secondary instance ownership. In addition, if the apply process was enabled when the owner instance became unavailable, then the apply process is restarted automatically on the new owner instance. If the apply process was disabled when the owner instance became unavailable, then the apply process remains disabled on the new owner instance.

Capture Processes and Transparent Data Encryption

A local capture process can capture changes to columns that have been encrypted using transparent data encryption. A downstream capture process can capture changes to columns that have been encrypted only if the downstream database shares a wallet with the source database. A wallet can be shared through a network file system (NFS), or it can be copied from one computer system to another manually. When a wallet is shared with a downstream database, ensure that the ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION parameter in the sqlnet.ora file at the downstream database specifies the wallet location.

If you copy a wallet to a downstream database, then ensure that you copy the wallet from the source database to the downstream database whenever the wallet at the source database changes. Do not perform any operations on the wallet at the downstream database, such as changing the encryption key for a replicated table.

Encrypted columns in row logical change records (row LCRs) captured by a local or downstream capture process are decrypted when the row LCRs are staged in a buffered queue. If row LCRs spill to disk in a database with transparent data encryption enabled, then Oracle Streams transparently encrypts any encrypted columns while the row LCRs are stored on disk.

Synchronous Capture and Transparent Data Encryption

A synchronous capture can capture changes to columns that have been encrypted using transparent data encryption. Encrypted columns in row logical change records (row LCRs) captured by a synchronous capture remain encrypted when the row LCRs are staged in a persistent queue.

Explicit Capture and Transparent Data Encryption

You can use explicit capture to construct and enqueue row logical change records (row LCRs) for columns that are encrypted in database tables. However, you cannot specify that columns are encrypted when you construct the row LCRs. Therefore, when explicitly captured row LCRs are staged in a queue, all of the columns in the row LCRs are decrypted.

Queues and Transparent Data Encryption

A persistent queue can store row logical change records (row LCRs) captured by a synchronous capture, and these row LCRs can contain changes to columns that were encrypted using transparent data encryption. The row LCRs remain encrypted while they are stored in the persistent queue. Explicitly captured row LCRs cannot contain encrypted columns.

A buffered queue can store row LCRs that contain changes captured by a capture process, and these row LCRs can contain changes to columns that were encrypted using transparent data encryption. When row LCRs with encrypted columns are stored in buffered queues, the columns are decrypted. When row LCRs spill to disk, Oracle Streams transparently encrypts any encrypted columns while the row LCRs are stored on disk.

ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY key-password;
 
ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION WALLET OPEN IDENTIFIED BY key-password;

Propagations and Transparent Data Encryption

A propagation can propagate row logical change records (row LCRs) that contain changes to columns that were encrypted using transparent data encryption. When a propagation propagates row LCRs with encrypted columns, the encrypted columns are decrypted while the row LCRs are transferred over the network. You can use the features of Oracle Advanced Security to encrypt data transfers over the network if necessary.

Apply Processes and Transparent Data Encryption

An apply process can dequeue and process implicitly captured row logical change records (row LCRs) that contain columns encrypted using transparent data encryption. When row LCRs with encrypted columns are dequeued by an apply process, the encrypted columns are decrypted. These row LCRs with decrypted columns can be sent to an apply handler for custom processing, or they can be applied directly. When row LCRs are applied, and the modified table contains encrypted columns, any changes to encrypted columns are encrypted when they are applied.

When row LCRs contain encrypted columns, but the corresponding columns at the destination database are not encrypted, then the preserve_encryption apply process parameter controls apply process behavior:

• If the preserve_encryption parameter is set to Y, then the apply process raises an error when row LCRs contain encrypted columns, but the corresponding columns at the destination database are not encrypted. When an error is raised, the row LCR is not applied, and all of the row LCRs in the transaction are moved to the error queue.

• If the preserve_encryption parameter is set to N, then the apply process applies the row changes when row LCRs contain encrypted columns, but the corresponding columns at the destination database are not encrypted.

When an apply process moves implicitly captured row LCRs with encrypted columns to the error queue, the encrypted columns are encrypted when the row LCRs are in the error queue. Row LCRs are implicitly captured using capture processes and synchronous captures.

Messaging Clients and Transparent Data Encryption

A messaging client can dequeue implicitly captured row LCRs that contain columns encrypted using transparent data encryption. When row LCRs with encrypted columns are dequeued by a messaging client, the encrypted columns are decrypted.

Manual Dequeue and Transparent Data Encryption

A user or application can dequeue implicitly captured row LCRs that contain columns encrypted using transparent data encryption. When row LCRs with encrypted columns are dequeued, the encrypted columns are decrypted.

RMAN and Instantiation

You can use RMAN to instantiate database objects during the configuration of an Oracle Streams replication environment. The RMAN DUPLICATE and CONVERT DATABASE commands can instantiate an entire database, and the RMAN TRANSPORT TABLESPACE command can instantiate a tablespace or set of tablespaces.

RMAN and Archived Redo Log Files Required by a Capture Process

Some Recovery Manager (RMAN) deletion policies and commands delete archived redo log files. If one of these RMAN policies or commands is used on a database that generates redo log files for one or more capture processes, then ensure that the RMAN commands do not delete archived redo log files that are required by a capture process.

The following sections describe the behavior of RMAN deletion policies and commands for local capture processes and downstream capture processes

• RMAN and Local Capture Processes

• RMAN and Downstream Capture Processes

CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICY TO BACKED UP integer TIMES 
   TO DEVICE TYPE deviceSpecifier;

The Recovery Catalog and Oracle Streams

Oracle Streams supports replicating a recovery catalog in a one-way replication environment. Bi-directional replication of a recovery catalog is not supported.