| Oracle® Database Concepts 11g Release 2 (11.2) Part Number E10713-02 |
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| Oracle® Database Concepts 11g Release 2 (11.2) Part Number E10713-02 |
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View PDF |
This chapter defines application architecture and describes how an Oracle database and database applications work in a distributed processing environment. This material applies to almost every type of Oracle Database environment.
This chapter contains the following sections:
In the context of this chapter, application architecture refers to the computing environment in which a database application connects to an Oracle database.
In the Oracle Database environment, the database application and the database are separated into a client/server architecture:
The client runs the database application that accesses database information and interacts with a user, for example, SQL*Plus or a Visual Basic data entry program.
The server runs the Oracle Database software and handles the functions required for concurrent, shared data access to an Oracle database.
Although the client application and database can run on the same computer, greater efficiency is often achieved when the client portions and server portion are run by different computers connected through a network. The following sections discuss variations in the Oracle Database client/server architecture.
Using multiple hosts to process an individual task is known as distributed processing. Front-end and back-end processing occurs on different computers. In Figure 16-1, the client and server are located on different hosts connected through Oracle Net Services.
Figure 16-1 Client/Server Architecture and Distributed Processing
Figure 16-2 is a variation that depicts a distributed database. In this example, a database on one host accesses data on a separate database located on a different host.
Figure 16-2 Client/Server Architecture and Distributed Database
Oracle Database client/server architecture in a distributed processing environment provides the following benefits:
Client applications are not responsible for performing data processing. Rather, they request input from users, request data from the server, and then analyze and present this data using the display capabilities of the client workstation or the terminal (for example, using graphics or spreadsheets).
Client applications are not dependent on the physical location of the data. Even if the data is moved or distributed to other database servers, the application continues to function with little or no modification.
Oracle Database exploits the multitasking and shared-memory facilities of its underlying operating system. As a result, it delivers the highest possible degree of concurrency, data integrity, and performance to its client applications.
Client workstations or terminals can be optimized for the presentation of data (for example, by providing graphics and mouse support), while the server can be optimized for the processing and storage of data (for example, by having large amounts of memory and disk space).
In networked environments, you can use inexpensive client workstations to access the remote data of the server effectively.
The database can be scaled as your system grows. You can add multiple servers to distribute the database processing load throughout the network (horizontally scaled), or you can move the database to a minicomputer or mainframe to take advantage of a larger system's performance (vertically scaled). In either case, data and applications are maintained with little or no modification because Oracle Database is portable between systems.
In networked environments, shared data is stored on the servers rather than on all computers, making it easier and more efficient to manage concurrent access.
In networked environments, client applications submit database requests to the server using SQL statements. After it is received, each SQL statement is processed by the server, which returns results to the client. Network traffic is minimized because only the requests and the results are shipped over the network.
See Also:
Oracle Database Administrator's Guide to learn more about distributed databasesIn a traditional multitier architecture environment, an application server provides data for clients and serves as an interface between clients and database servers. This architecture enables use of an application server to:
Validate the credentials of a client, such as a Web browser
Connect to a database server
Perform the requested operation
An example of a multitier architecture appears in Figure 16-3.
Figure 16-3 A Multitier Architecture Environment
A client initiates a request for an operation to be performed on the database server. The client can be a Web browser or other end-user program. In a multitier architecture, the client connects to the database server through one or more application servers.
An application server provides access to the data for the client. It serves as an interface between the client and one or more database servers, and hosts the applications.
An application server permits thin clients, which are clients equipped with minimal software configurations, to access applications without requiring ongoing maintenance of the client computers. The application server can also perform some data reformatting for the client, reducing the load on the client workstation.
The application server assumes the identity of the client when it is performing operations on the database server for that client. The privileges of the application server should be restricted to prevent it from performing unneeded and unwanted operations during a client operation.
A database server provides the data requested by an application server on behalf of a client. The database performs all of the query processing.
The database server can audit operations performed by the application server on behalf of clients and operations performed by the application server on its own behalf (see "Monitoring"). For example, a client operation can request information to display on the client, while an application server operation can request a connection to the database server.
The database can serve as a Web service provider in traditional multitier or service-oriented architecture (SOA) environments. SOA is a multitier architecture relying on services that support computer-to-computer interaction over a network. The services can be dynamically discovered and queried on available functions and calling sequences.
SOA services are usually implemented as Web services accessible through the HTTP protocol. They are based on XML standards such as WSDL and SOAP.
The Oracle Database Web service capability, which is implemented as part of XML DB, must be specifically enabled by the DBA. Applications can then accomplish the following through database Web services:
Submit SQL or XQuery queries and receive results as XML
Invoke standalone PL/SQL functions and receive results (see "PL/SQL Subprograms")
Invoke PL/SQL package functions and receive results
Database Web services provide a simple way to add Web services to an application environment without the need for an application server. However, invoking Web services through application servers such as Oracle Fusion Middleware offers security, scalability, UDDI registration, and reliable messaging in an SOA environment. However, because database Web services integrate easily with Oracle Fusion Middleware, they may be appropriate for optimizing SOA solutions.
See Also:
Oracle XML DB Developer's Guide for information on enabling and using database Web services
Oracle Fusion Middleware documentation for more information on SOA and Web services
In an Oracle Database environment, grid computing is a computing architecture that effectively pools large numbers of servers and storage into a flexible, on-demand computing resource. Modular hardware and software components can be connected and rejoined on demand to meet the changing needs of businesses.
See Also:
"Overview of Grid Computing" for more detailed information about server and storage gridsOracle Net Services is a suite of networking components that provides enterprise-wide connectivity solutions in distributed, heterogeneous computing environments. Oracle Net Services enables a network session from an application to a database instance and a database instance to another database instance.
Oracle Net Services provides location transparency, centralized configuration and management, and quick installation and configuration. It also lets you maximize system resources and improve performance. The Oracle Database shared server architecture increases the scalability of applications and the number of clients simultaneously connected to the database. The Virtual Interface (VI) protocol places most of the messaging burden on high-speed network hardware, freeing the CPU.
Oracle Net Services uses the communication protocols or application programmatic interfaces (APIs) supported by a wide range of networks to provide distributed database and distributed processing. After a network session is established, Oracle Net Services acts as a data courier for the client application and the database server, establishing and maintaining a connection and exchanging messages. Oracle Net Services can perform these tasks because it exists on each computer in the network.
See Also:
Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide for more information about these featuresOracle Database protocols take SQL statements from the interface of the Oracle applications and package them for transmission to Oracle Database through one of the supported industry-standard higher level protocols or APIs. Replies from Oracle Database are packaged through the same higher level communications mechanism. This work occurs independently of the network operating system.
Depending on the operating system that runs Oracle Database, the Oracle Net Services software of the database server could include the driver software and start an additional background process.
See Also:
Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide for more information about how Oracle Net Services worksThe Oracle Net Listener, also called the listener, is a server-side process that listens for incoming client connection requests and manages traffic to the database. When a database instance starts, and at various times during its life, the instance contacts a listener and establishes a communication pathway to this instance.
Service registration enables the listener to determine whether a database service and its service handlers are available. A service handler is a dedicated server process or dispatcher that acts as a connection point to a database. During registration, the PMON process provides the listener with the instance name, database service names, and the type and addresses of service handlers. This information enables the listener to start a service handler when a client request arrives.
Figure 16-4 shows a browser making an HTTP connection and a client making a database connection through a listener.
The basic steps by which a client establishes a connection through a listener are:
A client process or another database requests a connection.
The listener selects an appropriate service handler to service the client request and forwards the request to the handler.
The client process connects directly to the service handler. The listener is no longer involved in the communication.
A service is a database or other provider that performs work for others. A service name is a logical representation of a database used to present it to clients. When an instance starts, it registers itself with a listener using one or more service names. When a client program or database connects to a listener, it requests a connection to a service.
A service name can identify multiple database instances. Also, an instance can belong to multiple services. For this reason, the listener acts as a mediator between the client and instances and routes the connection request to the appropriate instance. Clients connecting to a service need not specify which instance they require.
See Also:
Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide to learn more about naming methodsService registration is a feature by which the PMON process dynamically registers instance information with a listener, which enables the listener to forward client connection requests to the appropriate service handler. PMON provides the listener with information about the following:
Names of the database services provided by the database
Name of the database instance associated with the services and its current and maximum load
Service handlers (dispatchers and dedicated servers) available for the instance, including their type, protocol addresses, and current and maximum load
Service registration is dynamic and does not require configuration in the listener.ora file. Dynamic registration reduces administrative overhead for multiple databases or instances.
The initialization parameter SERVICE_NAMES lists the services an instance belongs to. On startup, each instance registers with the listeners of other instances belonging to the same services. During database operations, the instances of each service pass information about CPU use and current connection counts to all listeners in the same services. This communication enables dynamic load balancing and connection failover.
See Also:
Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide to learn more about service registration
Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and Deployment Guide to learn about instance registration and client/service connections in Oracle RAC
In a dedicated server architecture, the server process created on behalf of each client process is called a dedicated server process (or shadow process). This server process is separate from the client process and acts only on its behalf, as shown in Figure 16-5.
Figure 16-5 Oracle Database Using Dedicated Server Processes
A one-to-one ratio exists between the client processes and server processes. Even when the user is not actively making a database request, the dedicated server process remains—although it is inactive and can be paged out on some operating systems.
Figure 16-5 shows user and server processes running on networked computers. However, the dedicated server architecture is also used if the same computer runs both the client application and the database code but the host operating system could not maintain the separation of the two programs if they were run in a single process. Linux is an example of such an operating system.
In the dedicated server architecture, the user and server processes communicate using different mechanisms:
If the client process and the dedicated server process run on the same computer, then the program interface uses the host operating system's interprocess communication mechanism to perform its job.
If the client process and the dedicated server process run on different computers, then the program interface provides the communication mechanisms (such as the network software and Oracle Net Services) between the programs.
Underutilized dedicated servers sometimes result in inefficient use of operating system resources. Consider an order entry system with dedicated server processes. A customer places an order as a clerk enters the order into the database. For most of the transaction, the clerk is talking to the customer while the server process dedicated to the clerk's client process is idle. The server process is not needed during most of the transaction, and the system may be slower for other clerks entering orders if the system is managing too many processes. For applications of this type, the shared server architecture may be preferable.
See Also:
Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide to learn more about dedicated server processesIn a shared server architecture, a dispatcher directs multiple incoming network session requests to a pool of shared server processes, eliminating the need for a dedicated server process for each connection. An idle shared server process from the pool picks up a request from a common queue.
The following processes are needed in a shared server configuration:
A network listener that connects the client processes to dispatchers or dedicated servers (the listener is part of Oracle Net Services, not Oracle Database)
One or more dispatcher process (Dnnn)
One or more shared server processes
Note:
To use shared servers, a client process must connect through Oracle Net Services, even if the process runs on the same computer as the Oracle Database instance.The potential benefits of shared server are as follows:
Reduces the number of processes on the operating system
A small number of shared servers can perform the same amount of processing as many dedicated servers.
Reduces instance PGA memory
Every dedicated or shared server has a PGA. Fewer server processes means fewer PGAs and less process management.
Increases application scalability and the number of clients that can simultaneously connect to the database
See Also:
Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide for more information about the shared server architecture
Oracle Database Administrator's Guide to learn how to configure a database for shared server
A request from a user is a single API call that is part of the user's SQL statement. When a user makes a call, the following actions occur:
The dispatcher places the request on the request queue, where it is picked up by the next available shared server process.
The request queue is in the SGA and is common to all dispatcher processes of an instance (see "Large Pool").
The shared server processes check the common request queue for new requests, picking up new requests on a first-in-first-out basis.
One shared server process picks up one request in the queue and makes all necessary calls to the database to complete that request.
When the server completes the request, it places the response on the calling dispatcher's response queue. Each dispatcher has its own response queue.
The dispatcher returns the completed request to the appropriate client process.
For example, in an order entry system, each clerk's client process connects to a dispatcher. Each request made by the clerk is sent to this dispatcher, which places the request in the queue. The next available shared server picks up the request, services it, and puts the response in the response queue. When a request is completed, the clerk remains connected to the dispatcher, but the shared server that processed the request is released and available for other requests. While one clerk talks to a customer, another clerk can use the same shared server process.
Figure 16-6 shows how client processes communicate with the dispatcher across the API and how the dispatcher communicates users' requests to shared server processes.
Figure 16-6 The Shared Server Configuration and Processes
The dispatcher processes enable client processes to share a limited number of server processes. You can create multiple dispatcher processes for a single database instance. The optimum number of dispatcher processes depending on the operating system limitation and the number of connections for each process.
Note:
Each client process that connects to a dispatcher must use Oracle Net Services, even if both processes run on the same host.Dispatcher processes establish communication as follows:
When an instance starts, the network listener process opens and establishes a communication pathway through which users connect to Oracle Database.
Each dispatcher process gives the listener process an address at which the dispatcher listens for connection requests.
At least one dispatcher process must be configured and started for each network protocol that the database clients will use.
When a client process makes a connection request, the listener determines whether the client process should use a shared server process:
If the listener determines that a shared server process is required, then the listener returns the address of the dispatcher process that has the lightest load, and the client process connects to the dispatcher directly.
If the process cannot communicate with the dispatcher, or if the client process requests a dedicated server, then the listener creates a dedicated server and establishes an appropriate connection.
See Also:
Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide to learn how to configure dispatchersEach shared server process serves multiple client requests in the shared server configuration. Shared and dedicated server processes provide the same functionality, except shared server processes are not associated with a specific client process. Instead, a shared server process serves any client request in the shared server configuration.
The PGA of a shared server process does not contain UGA data, which must be accessible to all shared server processes (see "Overview of the Program Global Area"). The shared server PGA contains only process-specific data.
All session-related information is contained in the SGA. Each shared server process must be able to access all sessions' data spaces so that any server can handle requests from any session. Space is allocated in the SGA for each session's data space.
Certain administrative activities cannot be performed while connected to a dispatcher process, including shutting down or starting an instance and media recovery. These activities are typically performed when connected with administrator privileges. To connect with administrator privileges in a system configured with shared servers, you must specify that you want to use a dedicated server process.
See Also:
Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide for the proper connect string syntaxDatabase Resident Connection Pooling (DRCP) provides a connection pool of dedicated servers for typical Web application scenarios. A Web application typically makes a database connection, uses the connection briefly, and then releases it. Through DRCP, the database can scale to tens of thousands of simultaneous connections.
DRCP provides the following advantages:
Complements middle-tier connection pools that share connections between threads in a middle-tier process.
Enables database connections to be shared across multiple middle-tier processes. These middle-tier processes may belong to the same or different middle-tier host.
Enables a significant reduction in key database resources required to support many client connections. For example, DRCP reduces the memory required for the database and boosts the scalability of the database and middle tier. The pool of available servers also reduces the cost of re-creating client connections.
Provides pooling for architectures with multi-process, single-threaded application servers, such as PHP and Apache, that cannot do middle-tier connection pooling.
DRCP uses a pooled server, which is the equivalent of a dedicated server process (not a shared server process) and a database session combined. The pooled server model avoids the overhead of dedicating a server for every connection that requires the server for a short period.
Clients obtaining connections from the database resident connection pool connect to an Oracle background process known as the connection broker. The connection broker implements the pool functionality and multiplexes pooled servers among inbound connections from client processes.
When a client requires database access, the connection broker picks up a server process from the pool and assigns it to the client, which is directly connected to the server process until the request is served. After the server has finished, the server process goes back into the pool and the connection from the client is restored to the broker.
In DRCP, releasing resources leaves the session intact, but no longer associated with a connection (server process). Unlike in shared server, this session stores its UGA in the PGA, not in the SGA. A client can reestablish a connection transparently upon detecting activity.
See Also:
Oracle Database Administrator's Guide and Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide to learn more about DRCP
The program interface is the software layer between a database application and Oracle Database. The program interface performs the following functions:
Provides a security barrier, preventing destructive access to the SGA by client client processes
Acts as a communication mechanism, formatting information requests, passing data, and trapping and returning errors
Converts and translates data, particularly between different types of computers or to external user program data types
The Oracle code acts as a server, performing database tasks on behalf of an application (a client), such as fetching rows from data blocks. The program interface consists of several parts, provided by both Oracle Database software and operating system-specific software.
The program interface consists of the following pieces:
Oracle call interface (OCI) or the Oracle run-time library (SQLLIB)
Various Oracle Net Services drivers (protocol-specific communications software)
Operating system communications software
The server or Oracle Database side of the program interface (also called the OPI)
The user and Oracle Database sides of the program interface run Oracle software, as do the drivers.
Drivers are pieces of software that transport data, usually across a network. They perform operations such as connect, disconnect, signal errors, and test for errors. Drivers are specific to a communications protocol.
There is always a default driver. You can install multiple drivers, such as the asynchronous or DECnet drivers, and select one as the default driver, but allow an user to use other drivers by specifying a driver when connecting.
Different processes can use different drivers. A process can have concurrent connections to a single database or to multiple databases using different Oracle Net Services drivers.
See Also:
Your system installation and configuration guide for details about choosing, installing, and adding drivers
Oracle Database Net Services Administrator's Guide to learn about JDBC drivers
The lowest-level software connecting the user side to the Oracle Database side of the program interface is the communications software, which is provided by the host operating system. DECnet, TCP/IP, LU6.2, and ASYNC are examples. The communication software can be supplied by Oracle, but it is usually purchased separately from the hardware vendor or a third-party software supplier.
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